Wednesday, November 19, 2014

Online Business Can Be a Boom for Baby Boomers

I've spent the past eight months researching and creating an online business.

I was downsized two years ago. But as a person over 50 I wasn't eager to go through the stress of interviews and starting all over again. So, I began to ponder alternative ways that I could work and earn money.

I turned to investigating online businesses. As a marketing communications professional online business was a very interesting concept. I threw myself into an eight-month immersion session and learned as much as I could about the process, the people who were making it work, and the potential for success.

What I learned was there are many people who are selling products, their skills, and their experience online and making a living doing it. I came to the conclusion that many Baby Boomers, like me, would benefit greatly from creating their own online business. Whether they are unemployed or not, an online business could serve them well in the future.

According to Pew Research "roughly 10,000 Baby Boomers turn 65 every day, and about 10,000 more will cross that threshold every day for the next 19 years."

That's a huge population of seniors. But these seniors aren't like the ones in the past. They are more educated, physically active and in better health. That means they will be living longer than their parents. They will need to have a substantial retirement nest egg to live a good quality of life. So, after thorough research, I created Prime Life Academy to help other Baby Boomers.

Unfortunately, during the past recession, many of them lost a substantial portion of their investments, lost their jobs or were forced to take early retirement. Some had to tap into any savings that they had. Many of them are already planning to keep working past retirement. 

The benefits of creating an online business: 
  • Work from home. (Yes, in your pajamas.)
  • Option to start before retirement. You don't have to start after retirement. 
  • There is a low cost of entry. Your costs include your computer, printer, some office supplies and a few online courses. Not a building or office.
  • There is an active group of people doing the same thing you are doing.
Authors, personal coaches, teachers, retailers, pastors, plumbers, anyone that has a product or skill can create an online business. Your offering can take the form(s) of a physical product, webinars, e-books, audio/video modules or e-courses. Some online businesses branch into offering workshops and seminars based on their online activities. 

Consider it and check out Prime Life Academy.


Prime Life Academy helps Baby boomers create success and freedom through the power of entrepreneurship. We give you all the tools you need to find ways to take action on creating a business to supplement your income well into retirement doing what you love, all while becoming happier and more fulfilled. 


Tuesday, October 7, 2014

How to Make Your Marketing Sexy

    
                     

I did an article on how marketers have really left the idea of the marketing plan out of the messages that they have been sending these days.  All the techniques such as SEO, digital marketing, social media and even blogging are just pieces to the marketing plan.  But the marketing plan is not as "sexy" as all these topics.  Just read "How to Make Sure Your Marketing is Really Sexy".

By the way, if you join the VIP Marketing Academy within the next two weeks, you will get a bonus gift of which is yet to be named.  Check back here and find out what it is.

Friday, September 19, 2014

Advertisers already know who you are

I was listening to National Public Radio (NPR) the other day.  They were interviewing a marketing professional who was talking about how in three or four years advertisers will be able to target their ads to individual homes while you watch TV.  That means that if my friend and I are looking at the same show (and we live in the same TV market), I will see one ad on my TV and she will see another on her TV based on the demographic data that has been collected on us by perhaps our cable provider.

I wasn't too amazed as that can be done on the internet right now. If you have ever been on the internet (and how many people haven't?) you know that certain advertising is following you.  Those ads have been targeted to you based on demographics, your internet habits and other things that the internet gods have determined.  Then they continue to follow you (re-marketing).

Until last year this type of "hyper" targeting was only available to Fortune 500 companies, who have been doing this for several years.  Everyone knows that advertising on the internet is very beneficial. But limiting small businesses to a paid link at the top of a search page is, well, limiting.


Jump Six, a company in Missouri, was one of the first to provide hyper targeting for smaller businesses with display digital advertising (just like in a newspaper or magazine) and place it on the internet.  It provides a way for advertisers to also gather leads through the system.

Jump Six purchases this valuable real estate on hundreds of sites and then places its clients on sites like national cable news station sites, sports, national blogs and others.  These sites sell national ads and also reserve regional and local space for smaller advertisers.  Just like TV.

If you want to go world-wide or national you can, but most of their clients hyper target people regionally or in certain cities and even zip codes along with other demographics.  Generally, you can buy as few as 50,000 impressions.  Advertisers can change their demographics or increase the impressions whenever they like or need to throughout the campaign length.  Jump Six provides detailed analytics of the campaigns so that advertisers always know how well they are doing.

With this type of hyper targeting, digital advertisers will be able to get a handle on their budgets, better target their products and services, and get a road map for future marketing endeavors.

Thanks to technology, you too can reach out and touch someone (everything old is new again).



Saturday, September 6, 2014

Joint venturing to expand business

I got married last week -- to two guys.  It was strictly business.

It is to two associates of mine who own a successful website development company. They are quite successful at their business but what I noticed was they were just a website development company. The construction guys. They knew all about web design, algorithms and analytics -- all the things to make the site function properly.

I explained to them how I felt they were missing a huge marketing opportunity.  So, I asked them how they were marketing to keep customers coming back once they created a website. They both looked at me rather blankly. Other than hosting fees and the occasional updates their clients decided on, not much. They were always seeking new business.  And we all know that getting new business costs more than keeping business.

I explained to them the opportunity for marketing their own website business was to expand into content development.  They needed to develop content for their clients -- for the websites they built, digital advertising campaigns, downloadable e-books, etc. They also had an opportunity to show clients how offering those pieces on websites can increase web traffic.

"You see," I began, "you can create your own additional line of business. Also by creating your own e-newsletter that you send talking about the need to update websites, how to create mobile advertising, using video, etc... you keep your clients engaged with you.  You can also become the only source they need for their digital marketing."

I saw the light bulb go on.  "Oh," they said in unison.  My proposal had worked.  Since I do content and digital advertising "we" thought a partnership would be great.  In the business world it is called a joint venture.

So, the newsletter I developed for their over 300 clients that talked about our joint venture went out last week.  It provided information I created on how websites need to continue to be updated and how video on websites can drive more traffic. The newsletter worked.  They got two clients to call immediately (clients they had for over 10 years) to talk about updating their sites and perhaps adding video.

Beyond the content I provide for my new "partners",  I also am getting exposure for other services I provide to the 300 clients they have.  I embed my affiliate links in the e-newsletter, my own downloadable content and other opportunities to generate revenue for my business as well -- along with creating the content for his clients.

Soon, I am sure we will have more clients -- you can call them our children -- who will need all types of content.

Wednesday, August 13, 2014

What Is Your Branding Trying To Say?

I was out the other day and decided to stop into a new bakery that opened in my neighborhood.  I was particularly excited for the young owner.  I met her a couple of months ago at an event.  She was very enthusiastic about her business. So, when I went in to her shop I expected to see a lot of strong branding.

What I encountered was a drab offering.  Not only did she not have enough product( a few cupcakes and about a dozen cookies) but the furniture in the store looked like she had gotten it from someone's basement. There was no color on the walls, her logo was only on the window glass that faced to the street, and she had run out of business cards.  Her bakery cases had no decorations inside to entice me to buy. There was little that would make me want to return. There was no brand identity at all.  Or should I say her brand identity was not good.

A UCLA study proves that 85% of all decisions are made with our eyes. That's right: the visual you have has the most impact.  And particularly food needs to be appealing.  In a sense, you need to strongly brand your products or services.

I think there are three basic branding categories that business owners have to think about:

  • Marketing materials -- brochures, business cards, website 
  • Business decor -- wall colors, furniture, interior design
  • The way employees look and present themselves -- uniforms, identifiers, customer service 


What do you want customers to think about you? What image of your company do you want to put out there? That is your brand -- good or bad.

If your brand is not professional and congruent, attractive and attracting you will be passed over - guaranteed. To be competitive, to have a greater influence on others, to attract more business and be more successful it's essential that you develop a well-thought-out  brand.






Tuesday, August 5, 2014

The Six Pitfalls of Starting a Business

So, you think you are an entrepreneur.

I have come across so many "entrepreneurs" who claim to be ready to start their business but when you tell them what it will require they balk at doing what is needed.

I tend to think of these people as over enthusiastic "hobbyists" and they end up spending a lot of money on useless tools with no return on their investment.  Of course, I realize that YOU are not one of them.  But let's look at some of the signs, shall we:

1. Have not determined what the product or service niche market is for their product or service. They are convinced that somebody will like what they are doing or selling, after all they do.  And there has been no evaluation of their competition.

2.  Didn't invest in a website because they don't understand how it works or just thinks it's a waste of time. OR...they get someone who doesn't know how to build websites to build theirs.

3.  They spend money on an office and letterhead, but won't think about using money to develop marketing materials or business processes.

4.  Won't network to get their name out there (which by the way is free).

5.  Won't spend time or won't ask how to use social media. This goes back to marketing, but I had to say it again since so many people get hung up on this.

6.  Won't seek out credible organizations that can provide information to help them get going.

So, if you are an entrepreneur, you have to develop a plan, follow the plan and evaluate the plan.  You also have to have resources that will help you along the way.  Get to know your business, product and service.  Then RESEARCH what others are doing and have done to get their business going.

WARNING: As an entrepreneur myself I can tell you, don't buy anything until you have researched the product or how it works.  I spent quite a few dollars on some things that were useless or did not provide what they said.

Here's a FREE resource. So click here for a free download of my Media Buying Guide.






Thursday, July 31, 2014

How to get to your niche market through digital advertising


When it comes to niche marketing many people don't really take the time to understand the importance of researching and narrowing down their target market.  They just throw advertising dollars at the next "new" thing, hoping they will hit their niche.

A niche market is a specific group of people that share something in common. In the business world they are the groups of consumers that you should be focusing on because they are the ones that will most likely purchase your product or service. They are referred to as your target market.

When I was growing up, we had three television channels.  So, if you wanted to advertise on TV, you had to be on one of those channels.  It was called mass marketing.  But very few people subscribe to mass marketing these days because we have so many options to place advertising. We have cable TV -- with it's defined audiences -- radio, various print vehicles, and of course the internet.  

So how do you reach your market?  Well, as you know, more and more people are on the internet.  So, wouldn't you like to be on the internet?  That means that you can actually find the people more likely to purchase your service or product.  How? You can actually target your customers WHEN they are ready to buy. 

By using keywords your ad can pop up when people are searching for a product or service like yours.  Based on keywords, ads are placed on websites, blogs, or other niche websites your market is viewing. 

This year Google opened up display advertising real estate for small businesses. Before this, only Fortune 500 companies could develop display campaigns and place on sites like national news, entertainment, and blogs as well as heavily trafficked local sites.   Wouldn't it be great if your potential customer was on the ESPN site and your pizza parlor showed up on the site?  And because it is targeted to your geographic area, you don't waste money advertising to someone out of your marketing area.

Advanced targeting options like “remarketing” can bring interested prospects back to your website, increase conversions and profit, keeps your business top-of-mind and help these interested prospects complete a transaction.

Remarketing is the process of your ad “following” the person throughout the internet.  This technique boosts conversions by 48 – 50% or more. You are probably familiar with this.  Have you ever been to a shopping site online and then every time you go to another site you see the same product or a product “you might like” on a totally unrelated site?  That’s re-marketing.

This type of advertising can be tracked for effectiveness as well.  Google makes it so simple to track your conversions and sales all the way back to every keyword in your campaign. 


Monday, July 21, 2014

Create a dynamic online video with little or no money

Over the last five years, technology has made it very easy for entrepreneurs and small businesses to decrease the cost of  marketing their products and services. This is especially true about video. Now, with a little creativity and a few quick clicks of the mouse, you can create a  professional looking video that can be used in many venues and in many media outlets. Here are a few of my favorites:

Animoto 
Animoto is a subscription-based service The number of templates you can use is based on your basic or pro subscription. It's the easiest of the three programs listed here.  All you have to do is upload your favorite photographs.  The templates weave your photos through backgrounds -- from seasonal, romantic, business and techno.  There is a pretty extensive music library that you can use.  Or you can upload your own music.

Goanimate
Goanimate creates some really cool animated videos. It comes with ready-made templates or you can create your video from scratch. The program has a diverse number of characters. So many programs don't offer as many character options. A variety of backgrounds and extra "props" are also available to spice up the visual appeal.  It's a great program for a designer or marketing professional.

VideoMakerFX
I've done several videos using VideoMakerFX.  I have one on my website  It too, provides a sampling of templates but in animated slide presentation form.  Very limited on characters (although they will be adding more in the coming months), but you can mix and match slide templates, move them and re-color backgrounds and text. Much more fun than PowerPoint or Prezi.

Unlike the other two programs, no subscription is necessary -- just a one time very reasonable yearly fee that you can upgrade.  It only takes about an hour to learn and create a video.

While a good visual image always attracts attention, you still need to communicate to your niche with message development and good copywriting.  The combination of strong visuals and clear messaging will make your video awesome!

Don't forget to join the VIP Marketing Academy for tips sent to your inbox!

Subscribe to our mailing list

* indicates required




Saturday, July 12, 2014

Drive sales with your words

Getting the word out about your company can help drive sales.  You already know that.  But with the advent of the internet there are other options other than print advertising.  If you think just putting up a website and leaving it alone is good enough you're wrong, too.  Here are some things to think about:

1. First of all, YES, you need a website.  That is the basic online strategy.   (I'll tell you later about a company who has NO website).  By the way, what is it about entrepreneurs and small businesses who don't have one?  Ok, thats another blog.  Let's continue...

2. E-mail marketing. Stay connected with your customers.  If you are a part of my VIP Marketing Academy you get an email from me once per week, sometimes twice.  I personally think that is enough, unless you are promoting something special.  I personally think it shows you care about your clients/customers. Share some "special" information with them not given out to the masses.

3. Content distribution.  Everyone is saying that if you don't have any content out there you are missing out.  Content is basically articles about some aspect of your business. It positions you as an expert.  For, example, when I am finished with this blog, I could turn it into an article and submit it to SubmitYourArticles.com, EzineArticles.com or GoArticles.com. Not only are will the articles be listed in these directories, but they will distribute them to other social media sites --sometimes for a fee.  I currently have an article listed in SubmitYourArticles.com on the six tips of how to shine at expos and fairs (see earlier blog post).

4.  A blog. This is a blog.  I am authoring some information that will be picked up by search engines (I hope) and distributed throughout the world.  You don't have to be a member of my VIP Marketing Academy to see it.  But I will use it to promote my VIP Marketing Academy.

I'm only going to mention these four this time because I don't want you to get overwhelmed.  So, here is your homework:

You don't have to do all of these right away.  Choose TWO

1.  Think about what you would want to tell your customers on each of the platforms
2.  Decide how many times you want to send information out if you decide to do a blog, submit articles or do e-mailing.

HINT:  You don't have to write everything from scratch.  Once you get information about your product or service, you can re-purpose it and use it in all four categories.  If you are not a writer, then I suggest you get a content strategist to help you.  Or....you can e-mail us and we will walk you through it.

Bring in Customers with Sales Promotions

Monday, July 7, 2014

"Bring in Customers with Winning Promotions" makes debut

I completed the Bring in Customers with Winning Promotions e-book.  While this e-book benefits my clients and readers, you have to understand that it is part of my marketing strategy, also.  You see, I want to provide content that is relevant for my clients.  After all, that is what my business is about -- providing marketing advice.  

Similar to you, I have to continue to produce while also marketing my other services.  Yes, it is very time consuming.  But as I say, if you don't do it, you won't have a business. It took well over 20 hours to research and write.  But as a business owner I have to "make the donuts".

Are you interested in creating content to distribute to your clients?  It is a good way to engage them and brand you as an expert in your field.  I will be doing a blog on that soon.

If you choose to get the e-book, I hope you find useful information in it. If you want an e-book that has promotion ideas, a handy 12- month listing of special days,  and events that you can use to develop your promotions, then this e-book is for you.  Also, I have examples and resources you can use.

Saturday, July 5, 2014

When will they learn?

When I was reading the link I have included below, it made me say "sho' you right!" It really hit home and says what I tell entrepreneurs and small businesses all the time: The money you pay someone to do what you are trying to do will actually bring in MORE money.  

And while the link speaks about a content strategist, it could very well speak about marketing specialists, website developer, social media specialist in general.  

The article just reminded me of a client that wanted to nickel and dime every little thing and then say, "I can do this myself". It's sad because they are doing it and they are in the same place they were in four months ago.

So, here is the link:

Saturday, June 28, 2014

Get sticky with me

You've put months into having your trade show booth designed.  Now it's finished or very close. You walk around your new booth like a proud parent when it suddenly dawns on you; you need promotional handouts to go with it!  Where to start, though?

The key to a great promotional handout for a trade show event is that it provides needed information about you and your business.  But for it to stick, in other words, not get thrown in the trash, it has to have something a little more than just information.

One of the very best ways to make sure your trade show booth handouts don't get thrown away but will stick is to put an offer or coupon of some kind on them.  Coupons that a person can use after the trade show event practically guarantee your handouts won't get thrown away.  After all, your customers will want to use the coupons!

Sweepstakes and raffle offers also work well and assure your handouts will be read, kept and, better yet, used.  To get someone's attention these days means you usually have to give them a little more than just information.  They want STUFF.  And so having a simple sweepstakes or raffle offer in your trade show booth handouts means that your handouts are more likely to be read and held on to.

And here's a great tip that many people forget.  By using this sort of trade show booth handout, you have the opportunity to gather names and addresses.  And it's so easy!  You can use them for follow up using direct mail, email newsletters and other marketing promotions long after the trade show event is over.  

So the last thing you want to do is think a trade show booth event is all you have to do to make a sale.  Use a sticky handout that allows you to gather contact information and by continually reaching out to those people who have shown an interest in you, you'll ensure they show a return interest in you!

Watch for my Promotions E-book this month! 
Sign up for the VIP Marketing Academy at Fluidcommunications.net



Tuesday, June 24, 2014

It's time to advertise

I've run into so many business owners who have analysis paralysis. (I have fallen prey to this too). But at some point we have to stop analyzing and DO something.  We have to make a decision.  And as an entrepreneur, you know that not all decisions will be the golden one.  But sometimes you have to get going.

Advertising has to be done. So, in order to give you a chance to exhale and make the decision, I put together the e-book Media Buying Insider   It will be a FREE download available to my VIP Marketing Academy within the next week.  It describes some techniques you can use when buying media, what media is hot and what is not, and how to target your advertising to your niche market.  And it is written so everyone can understand it.  Here is an excerpt:

"What you want to do with your advertising is place it where YOUR customers ARE. Your customers are increasingly on the internet – either on the computer or on their smartphones. The best answer is to use small business advertising that only charges the owner when and if it works. There are several ways of doing this.  You may have heard of pay per click advertising.

Pay per click is available with numerous online merchant sites as well as hundreds of newspapers across the country and the globe. Simply put, a small business agrees to pay a specified amount to the publisher, or the merchant site, for each ad that entices a consumer to come to the small business site. The price paid is generally an amount that the small business owner has bid on. This means they have bid on keywords that describe their business.  More and more newspapers are offering this option as they struggle to maintain competitive online with eBay, Craigslist and other pure pay classified and marketplace sites."

Remember, digital advertising is here to stay!
If you are not a part of the VIP Marketing Academy, sign up at www.fluidcommunications.net

Monday, June 16, 2014

My niche marketing video

I have been sending out some niche marketing tips to my mailing list over the last week or so.  But I have also been tweaking my social media sites, editing my landing page for my website and creating a fan page for Facebook when I realized that it IS overwhelming.  I know I have said it to you before -- in fact my website says it, but for those of you who don't like doing this type of stuff, I'm sorry.  Advertising, messaging, content creation is changing daily.  It is hard to keep up for people who make their living doing this type of work so I know it is hard for you.

I'll be coming out with some new downloads for you.  I hope they will help you get to where you need to go.  (And yes, I know the screen capture makes me look a little weird)

Take a look at my video where I have come to a conclusion about my business.  Although I was leaning in that direction anyway, I just confirmed it in my mind.

See you next time. 


Tuesday, May 27, 2014

Beware of junky information

Let me tell you, "junky" is a nice term. I have been in a marketing/advertising reading and writing marathon for the last three weeks.  I've been in what I call the "vortex" of developing my presence on the web so that I can share information with you, my dear audience and followers.  
Most everyone who writes on the subject about building traffic to your website will tell you you have to have lots and lots of content (blogs, stories and photos about your product and services), get listed on lots of site directories and social media.

There are a lot people who will tell you that you can do this quickly and easily.  They may even charge for a single format that will do this.  From what I can see, it ain't so.  Not that there aren't ways to get some of it done through individual sites but in general, you have to take time and go out there an enter information yourself.

One of the sites for content contribution is SubmitYourArticle.com  This site will take your articles and blast it out to other content publishing websites worldwide.  What this does is builds traffic back to your website.  In the coming weeks, I will put together an e-book with everything I have learned and give it to you.

My goal is to provide you with great information that will help you develop your small business into a powerhouse.  Saying, that, I found a really great article for you to look at this week:

Thursday, May 8, 2014

How to get MORE for you business doing LESS

I can't really tell you how to do that. If I really knew how to do that I would be rich.  But I do know that you can become more efficient with your marketing.  There is no better time in history to be able to get more done than today.  With all of the technology that is available you can reach more people and it will cost you PENNIES or even FRACTIONS OF PENNIES on the dollar than it did just 10 years ago.

Remember when direct mail was all the rage? You could get your message and name in front of thousands of households. Compare that to digital advertising where you get can get millions of impressions for the same cost.

Now, you would think telling small businesses and entrepreneurs about this and helping them to find other marketing ideas would be an easy sell, right?  Wrong.  For some reason a lot of business owners are overwhelmed with the idea of doing marketing that will grow their business --even though you show them how to save TONS of dollars and reach the people they need to reach.  

My friend Tracie Davis (the Marketing Guru) and I (The Marketing Ninja Master)  have decided that there are businesses out there that need help so badly that we are going to GIVE information away.  That's right, give it away.

 So, stay tuned to find out what we -- as entrepreneurs ourselves -- are going to do in the very near future.


Monday, May 5, 2014

It's official -- digital advertising wins!

As a digital advertising guru (yes, I am a guru) I am glad to hear what I already knew: digital advertising is outpacing all other forms of advertising. Now, I have some proof to show my clients. Yes, those pesky clients are always so skeptical when you come to them with something new. Trying to explain digital advertising to clients at times made me feel like the first person to sell TV advertising.

Everything has its season and it is a new season. Those who effectively utilize digital advertising will reap great rewards. The cost? The cost is no where near the cost of a monthly billboard on a highway, or commercials on TV and radio and newspaper ads. One reason is because you can target your market like no time in advertising history. Actually, my company uses hyper targeting methods. We actually profile your customers and clients using psychological methods. (We have a real honest to goodness marketing psychologist.) Then after researching your clients, we use hundreds, and depending on the customer thousands, of keywords to target where they hang out. And remember, these aren't random customers. They are people most likely to purchase or use your services.

We then re-market to them by trailing them through their favorite sites on the internet. You've experienced that yourself. You click on a website that you saw on the sidebar of one of your favorite sites, let's say All About Juicing. You take a gander of the website and then go on your merry way. But the next day you notice that sales on juicers are popping up on your news website. Then later you see the newest juicer again on the entertainment site you view.Yes, that's re-marketing.

So, get ready for the next version of advertising models.  Don't get left behind.

Monday, April 21, 2014

6 tips to shine at expos and fairs

It's fair and expo season!  I love going to fairs and expos.  They are not just informative and fun, but I get to evaluate the businesses on their expo and fair acumen.  It never fails.  I can find at least ten businesses that just don't know how to really promote themselves at these events.  And it has nothing to do with size of the company. 

Every company -- big or small -- should still put its best face forward. So, taking the positive approach, I have developed a six point list I call, "Six Ways to Shine at Expos and Fairs": 

  • Be personable. You would be surprised how many people at booths just sit there. The don't smile. Step from behind the table and engage people that walk by. Make eye contact, smile,and speak. Offer literature, samples or demonstrate your product or service.  
  • Be informed. If you can't discuss the benefits and merits of your product or service, you should not be at the booth or table. Don't send Martha in accounting just because she volunteered, leave her at the office if she doesn't have the answers.
  • Be well-fed. Don’t eat at your booth. It’s not very enticing to go to a booth where people have greasy fingers, a paper plate of half-eaten food and crumbs on the table. Eat your meal in the designated eating area.  Hopefully this is far away from your booth.
  • Be on time. Make sure you set-up during the appropriate time so that you can be fresh and ready to engage the attendees when the fair or expo begins. If you aren’t there at the beginning, you are losing money. You will get the most for your booth fee if you are there on time and stay until it is over.
  • Be identified. Your marketing materials should be well-produced, have no misspellings, and include your contact information. Have a table cloth, sign and/or stand up banner with your company or organization name that can be seen from several feet away. If you wear a uniform, be clean and pressed — even if it is a tee-shirt.
  • Be organized. Have your materials, samples, exhibit ready for people to pick-up, taste, or view.